Any score exceeding the threshold value of 4 is classed as achieving psychiatric. Pdf using the 12item general health questionnaire ghq. Two consecutive cohorts 2006 and 2007 were invited to complete the ghq 12. General health questionnaire 12 validity in colombia and factorial equivalence between. Common mental disorders were measured at the baseline, 2015, and one year later in 2016, using the spanishlanguage validated version of the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 with four. The sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the malay version 12items general health questionnaire ghq12 in detecting distressed medical students asean journal of psychiatry, vol.
In both cases, higher scores reflect greater levels of psychological distress. Using a standard forwardbackward translation procedure, the english language version of the questionnaire was translated into persian iranian language. Psychological distress was measured at two years after the earthquake by using ghq 12 in 2,107 subjects 99. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 with. The 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is used routinely as a unidimensional measure of psychological morbidity. Validation of the sinhala version of 30item general health questionnaire chrishantha abeysena 1, upali peiris 2, pushpa jayawardana 3, asiri rodrigo 4 1 senior lecturer department of public health, faculty of medicine, university of kelaniya, sri lanka. University of groningen selfrated health and quality of. The higher the score the poorer the psychological wellbeing of the patient. Furthermore, culture shock was significantly positively related to the level of current dysphoria and diminished with time. Wording effects and the factor structure of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 j.
Does the 12item general health questionnaire contain multiple. However, few studies have measured the mental health of chinese professionals or explored the factor structure of the ghq12 through investigations of young chinese civil servants. Metaanalyses of ghq 12 2 abstract the general health questionnaire ghq 12 is a popular measure of psychological distress. Women were more likely than men to report a ghq12 score of 4 or more 21% of women and 16% of men. Statistical methods in the following sections relationships between demographics and the level of psychological wellbeing will be presented. The score was used to generate a total score ranging from 0 to 36, with higher scores indicating worse conditions 14. The ghq focuses on the clients ability to carry out normal functions and the appearance of any new disturbing phenomena. The general health questionaire ghq 12 in a sample of italian workers. The change in mean score from one to six months on the ghq28 and the factor composition are assumed to be affected by characteristics in the stroke population. A comparison of the validity of two psychiatric screening.
Nov, 2003 the objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 in iran. General health questionnaire general health questionnaire ghq brief description the general health questionnaire was developed in england as a screening instrument to identify psychological distress among adults in primary care settings. The ghq12 is a 12item, 4point likerttype scale that. Validation of the sinhala version of 30item general health questionnaire chrishantha abeysena 1. The general health questionnaire ghq12 consists of 12 items, each assessing the severity of a mental problem over the past few weeks using a 4point scale from 0 to 3. Bmc public health research article open access the reliability of the twelveitem general health questionnaire ghq 12 under realistic assumptions matthew hankins1,2,3 address.
Want to categorize ghq 12 into three categories for ordinal logistic regression. University of groningen selfrated health and quality of life. Thai general health questionnaire thai ghq 12 28 30 60. Some of the exercises mentioned just above have been tested in scientific studies and have been shown to make people lastingly happier. Using the 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 to assess the. The twelveitem general health questionnaire ghq 12 was developed to screen for nonspecific psychiatric morbidity. The general health questionaire ghq12 in a sample of.
An alternative scoring method offered by goldberg and williams is the ghq scoring method, which transforms the scale into a yesno scale by recoding 0 and 1 as 0, and 2 and 3 as 1. It is possible that these dimensions are the result of the wording of the ghq 12, namely its division into positively phrased pp and negatively phrased. Mental health at individual and organizational level 12 1gabriele giorgi, jose maria leon perez, andrea castiello dantonio, 1francisco javier fiz perez, giulio arcangeli, vincenzo cupelli and nicola mucci3 3,4 1department of psychology, european university of rome. It has been widely validated and found to be reliable. This site is like a library, you could find million book here by using search box in the header.
The general health questionaire ghq12 in a sample of italian workers. These validation studies have assumed that the ghq 12 is onedimensional and free of response bias, but recent evidence suggests that neither of these assumptions may be correct, threatening its utility as a screening. The 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is a commonly used screening instrument for measuring mental disorders. This analysis aimed to examine the optimal threshold of the ghq, its variability and relationship with prevalence of psychiatric disorder. Culture shock questionnaire, social support questionnaire and general health questionnaire ghq 12. Read online using the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 to. Clinical examination was done blindly to the ghq score by a psychiatrist based on.
Scaled general health questionnaire28 ghq28 spinal. Below are the links to the authors original submitted files for images. Ghq12 colombia 1 paper published in psychiatry research. The general health questionnaire ghq is a screening device for identifying minor psychiatric disorders in the general population and within community or nonpsychiatric clinical settings such as primary care or general medical outpatients. Understanding general health questionnaire ghq28 score and. We should like to know if you have any medical complaints, and how your health has been in. In the study the likert scoring procedure 1,2,3,4 is applied and the total scale score ranges from 28 to 112. The finding of variation in the optimal threshold of the general health questionnaire ghq across different settings has proved difficult to explain. Oct 14, 2008 the twelveitem general health questionnaire ghq 12 is intended to screen for general nonpsychotic psychiatric morbidity. Evaluating cutpoints for the mhi5 and mcs using the ghq. Then a sample of young people aged 18 to 25 years old completed the questionnaire. The objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 in iran. The ghq12 is scored on a range from 0 to 12, with a score of 4 or more indicative of probable mental ill health. The reliability of the twelveitem general health questionnaire ghq12.
Despite its widespread use, an ongoing controversy pertains to its internal structure. The proportion of adults with high ghq 12 scores has increased since 2012, from 15% to 19%. We chose the12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 as an investigative tool. The validity of the ghq 12 was compared with the ghq 28 in a world health organization study of psychological disorders in general health care. Ghq12 data were obtained from the health survey for england 2004 cohort n 3705. Factor structure of the general health questionnaire ghq12. General health questionnaire ghq developed in the 1970s, the general health questionnaire is a method to quantify the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. It is possible that these dimensions are the result of the. Average wellbeing scores for those who scored at least 4 on the ghq 12 were 40. The general health questionnaire28 is frequently used as an indicator of psychological wellbeing and this latter construct resembles the psychological dimension of quality of life goldberg and hillier 1979, sanderman and stewart 1990, euridiss 1990, krol et al. Ghq12 were calculated based on the o123 likert score for each response. This study determined the appropriate ghq 12 score to detect distressed medical students. Wording effects and the factor structure of the 12item.
General health questionnaire occupational medicine oxford. This instrument targets two areas the inability to carry out normal functions and the appearance of distress to assess wellbeing in a person. What cutoff do we use to categorize ghq 12 0123 into no. The results, when applying the ghq28 in a stroke population, and subfactor analysis based on the original factor structure should be interpreted with caution. Multiply that number by the value indicated below, then add the subtotal to produce a total score. Any use of the form in publications other than internal policy manuals and training material or for profitmaking ventures requires additional permission andor negotiation. Psychological distress was measured at two years after the earthquake by using ghq12 in 2,107 subjects 99. The trade off between sensitivity and specificity using different ghq 12 threshold values in identifying depressive or anxiety disorders is indicated in table 2. University of groningen psychological wellbeing and self.
Factor scores of the bestfitting model, as well as the overall ghq12 score, were assessed. Fayers p, aaronson n, bjordal k, groenvold m, curran d, bottomley a. The general health questionnaire28 ghq28 as an outcome. Factor structure of the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 was studied by a survey of subjects who had experienced the 2004 niigatachuetsu earthquake 6. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is a commonly used screening instrument for measuring mental disorders. The factor structure of the twelve item general health. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 is a selfreport measure of psychological morbidity, in tended to detect psychiatric disorders in community set tings and nonpsychiatric settings 1. Can anyone help me with ghq 12 with ranking and coding. It is recommended that the mean ghq score for the whole population of respondents provides a rough guide to the best cutoff threshold 20. Jan 01, 2007 using the alternative binary scoring method with the two least symptomatic answers scoring 0 and the two most symptomatic answers scoring 1, the 28 and 30item versions classify any score exceeding the threshold value of 4 as achieving caseness.
A crosssectional twophase epidemiological survey was used in a study of nonpsychotic psychiatric. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that the ghq 12 assesses. General health questionnaire ghq statistics solutions. A comparison between the two screening instruments was carried out. Several scoring methods has been used with the ghq 12, with the two most popular ones being the likert scoring method 0 12 3 and the socalled ghq method 0011. We investigated the use of the shortform general health questionnaire ghq 12 as a possible screening tool.
The 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 has been widely used in many settings and languages, and includes posi. The factor structure of the 12item general health questionnaire. Does the 12item general health questionnaire contain. Validity of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq. Total score of ghq 12 ranged from 0 to 32 with a mean score of 12.
Apr 24, 2008 the 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is used routinely as a unidimensional measure of psychological morbidity. Results gender and the quality of support received were found to be strongly associated with culture shock. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Using the 12item general health questionnaire ghq12. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 with malay.
The 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 is widely used as a. The ghq 12 comprises twelve questions, each with a set of likert scale responses which score the question as 0, 1, 2 or 3. Evaluating cutpoints for the mhi5 and mcs using the ghq12. Evidence suggests that there is no tendency for the ghq to work less efficiently in developing countries 19. Phq9 questionnaire for depression scoring and interpretation guide for physician use only scoring. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it. Dec 16, 2019 download the general health questionnaire. Pdf the structure of the general health questionnaire ghq12.
The 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 is a commonly used screening instrument for measuring mental disorders. Validity of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq12. The validity of two versions of the ghq in the who study of. Many factoranalytic studies have reported that the ghq12 has two or three dimensions, threatening its validity. The prevalence of probable mental ill health was greatest among men and women in the.
The ghq manual notes that it is not appropriate for use with children but that it. Since the dimensionality and the related psychometric properties of the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 are still under debate, the present study compares different factor solutions from the literature to determine which shows the best fit and to investigate reliability and construct validity. The general health questionnaire ghq 12 goldberg, 1972 and the self report questionnaire srq20 harding et al. Not much is known about the usefulness of the ghq 12 factors, if they exist, in revealing betweenpatient differences in clinical states and healthrelated quality of life. Age and cognitive impairment influence the performance of the general health questionnaire. The 12item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is used routinely as a unidimensional measure of psychological morbidity. The ghq 12 classifies each individual in the dataset as a case or a noncase. In scoring the ghq, the four columns ranging from not at all to much more than usual are coded 0, 1, 2 or 3. The ghq28 is a scaled version, yielding four subscores, each based on seven items and a total score. Validation of the sinhala version of 30item general. A well validated scale, such as the ghq 12, with an associated cutpoint to distinguish cases from noncases is a good alternative. Investigations of mental health of school teachers for the mentally retarded and staff members in social welfare facilities for the mentally retarded. It has been widely used and, as a result, translated into many languages and extensively validated in general and clinical populations worldwide.
Refer to the accompanying phq9 scoring box to interpret the total score. Investigation of the factor structure of ghq 12 demonstrated that ghq 12 is a good measure for evaluating the general. Designed for use by doctors, psychiatrists and researchers, the ghq is ideal for use in community and nonpsychiatric settings. It is widely used in clinical practice, epidemiological research and for research in psychology 24. The general health questionnaire ghq is a measure of current. The general health questionnaire ghq 12 is a popular measure of psychological distress. The ghq manual notes that it is not appropriate for use with children but that it has been used with adolescents goldberg.
This was developed originally as a 60item questionnaire and later reduced to a shortened form 14. Validation of the sinhala version of 30item general health. It has been used and validated extensively both in the uk and worldwide 15. Pdf the general health questionnaire ghq12 is a popular measure of. Scaled general health questionnaire28 ghq28 spinal cord. How do i score the general health questionnaire 12 item. Cghqscoring is a relatively specialised method and is useful only when it is important not to miss cases with longstanding disorders. The reliability of the twelveitem general health questionnaire ghq. With the 0011 scoring scheme, optimum discrimination occurred near ghq 34, giving a specificity of 0. Using the 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 to. The minimum ghq12 total score was 0 and the maximum ghq12 total score was 12.
Am going to analyze population based mental health study that has used ghq 12 likert scoring 0123. Brief versions consisting of 12, 28 and 30 items have been developed. Using the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 to assess the psychological health of malaysian college students. Either the sum of these responses is used to provide a score ranging between 0 and 36 or alternatively, the response to each question is deemed positive if it is greater than one. Pdf the objective of this study was to translate and to test the reliability and validity of the 12item general health questionnaire ghq12 in. Early detection of vulnerable students might direct pastoral care and remedial support to where it is needed. Aug 30, 2009 how do i score the general health questionnaire 12 item. Braden scale for predicting pressure sore risk use the form only for the approved purpose. In the general population,thespanishghq12versionhasshown76%sensitivity and 80% specificity at the optimal cutoff score of 23 26. We should like to know if you have any medical complaints, and how your health has been in general, over the past few weeks. Wording effects and the factor structure of the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 j. Although the ghq 12 was originally constructed to capture a unitary construct, empirical studies identified different factor structures. What cutoff do we use to categorize ghq 12 0123 into.
The ghq 12 contains 12 items of the original 60item ghq version that evaluate the psychiatric morbidity using a fourlevel alternative response scale. To determine the sensitivity, specificity and internal consistency of the malay version ghq 12 among medical student population. General health questionnaire 12 goldberg and williams, 1988. The 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 has been widely used in many settings and languages, and includes positively and negatively worded items. In view of the limitations of the previous studies of the ghq 12 in colombia, we selected the version by rocha et al. The 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 is widely used as a unidimensional instrument, but factor analyses tended to suggest that it contains two or three factors.
What is the general health questionnaire12 assessing. It is possible that these dimensions are the result of the wording of the ghq12, namely its division into positively phrased pp and negatively phrased. Validation of the general health questionnaire ghq12. Correlation of the ghq28 is high with the clinical interview scale r0. Ghq30 facilitates the measurement of general disease tendency, physical. Results may be included in patient files to assist you in setting up a treatment goal, determining degree of response, as well as guiding treatment intervention. The score was used to generate a total score ranging from 0 to 36.
No values have been reported for the responsiveness of the ghq28 for the sci population. However, few studies have measured the mental health of chinese professionals or explored the factor structure of the ghq 12 through investigations of young chinese civil servants. Read online the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12. In recent years the 12 item general health questionnaire ghq 12 has been extensively used as a short screening instrument, producing results that are comparable to longer versions of the ghq. The study findings showed that the iranian version of the ghq12. Ghq12 was scored by binary, chronic and likert scoring method. Can the 12item general health questionnaire be used to. Another scoring method in use assigns a score of 0 for response 1 and a score of 1 for response 24 for the 18 negative items, and a score of 0 for responses 1 and 2, a score of 1 for responses 3 and 4 for the 7 positive items. The structure of the general health questionnaire ghq12. Am going to analyze population based mental health study that has used ghq 12 likert scoring 0 12 3.
The general health questionnaire ghq12 was used to detect general psychiatric distress among high school students goldberg and williams, 1988. For the total sample, a threshold score of 910 on the ghq 12 yielded a sensitivity of 79. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to reveal the factor structure of ghq12. Factor structure of the general health questionnaire ghq. Our aim is to find the cutpoints on the mhi5 and mcs that imitate the ghq 12 cutpoint as closely as possible. Read online is the 12item general health questionnaire ghq12.
This study examines the likertstyle successive integer scoring of goldbergs 1972, 1978 general health questionnaire ghq with a psychometric model in which the thresholds between successive categories within each item can be estimated. The malay version of ghq 12 was derived based on two sources which were the original version ghq 12 and the validated malay version 30items ghq. Suitable for all ages from adolescent upwards but not children, it assesses the respondents current state and asks if that differs from his or her. Sf36 health survey manual and interpretation guide. It is scored based on the four possible answers for each item.